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However, the weapon had numerous shortcomings, which were highlighted by combat experience in the early stages of the Russo-Japanese War.

These included bursting cartridges, a poorly-designed lock in which excess gunpowder tended to accumulate, burning the face of the shooter, frequent misfires, jamming, difficulty in cleaning, and cartridge extraction.

Lieutenant General Arisaka Nariakira along with Kijiro Nambu undertook a redesign, which was introduced in 1906.

However, shortcomings in the Type 38 design during the Second Sino-Japanese War led to the introduction of a further generation of rifles, designated the Type 99 rifle from 1939.

This new rifle used the more powerful 7.758mm Arisaka cartridge already in use with the Type 92 heavy machine gun and the Type 97 light machine gun.

However, not all units received the new weapon, and the mixture of types with incompatible cartridges led to considerable logistics issues during World War II.

However, while on par with the Norwegian and Italian 6.5mm military cartridges of the time, the 6.550mm was not as powerful as several others in use by other nations.

The Type 38 at 1,280 millimeters (50.4 in) was the longest rifle of the war, due to the emphasis on bayonet training for the Japanese soldier of the era, whose average height was 160 centimeters (5 ft 3 in).

The rifle was even longer when the 400 mm (15.75 inches) Type 30 bayonet was fixed.

Its barrel was 487 millimeters (19.2 in), overall length 966 millimeters (38.0 in), and weight 3.3 kilograms (7.3 lb).

The rifle lacked a bayonet.

The Italian-built rifles were chambered for the same 6.550mm cartridge as the Type 38 rifle, but had a folding stock.

The Type I Rifle was similar in appearance and length to the Type 38 rifle, but was based on the Italian Carcano action.

Most were used by training battalions and the rifles were declared obsolete in 1921.

According to another source, Japanese exports of this model were much greater: 500,000 to Great Britain and 620,000 to Russia.

Rifles of the World (3rd ed.).

Iola, WI: Krause Publications.

ISBN 0-89689-241-7.

Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman 19411945: Training, Techniques and Weapons.

Arisaka Type 38 Carbine Markings